Detailed Histories of Chinese Dynasties and their Fashions
Chinese Dynasties
Four thousand years of history cannot be accurately sumarized in a small site like this, but below is a sketch outline of some of the major developments from most of the dynasties.
Shang Dynasty 1,700 - 1027
During this time the basics of Hanfu evolved, composed of a yi, or narrow, cuffed knee-length jacket/shirt tied with a sash and a narrow, ankle-length skirt called Chang, worn with a bixi, a cloth that come down to the knees. Bright primary colors and especially green were used.
During the Shang Dynasty there was not much job specialization. If you were a peasant you would farm, when you weren’t farming you repaired the dikes, if war started you fought alongside your lords. Merchants organized trade; they would trade salt, cowrie shells, and other goods with artisans for food and salt. Artisans made goods for the nobles, things such as bronze weapons, silk robes, and jade jewelry.
During the Shang Dynasty there was not much job specialization. If you were a peasant you would farm, when you weren’t farming you repaired the dikes, if war started you fought alongside your lords. Merchants organized trade; they would trade salt, cowrie shells, and other goods with artisans for food and salt. Artisans made goods for the nobles, things such as bronze weapons, silk robes, and jade jewelry.
Qin Dynasty 秦(221-206 BC)
Due to the unification of China, and short duration of this dynasty, fashion styles of the Qin didn’t change much through the Han dynasty (206-220AD). However, Black was the “in” color of power during the Qin Dynasty.
Western Han Dynasty 西漢 / 西汉 (206 BC – 9 AD)
Western Han Dynasty Emperor Wu
As Chinese civilization grew and became more complex, so naturally did its' fashion. The section below was written by experts and I couldn't summarize and paraphrase it well. (Citation is at bottom.)
"China’s clothing systems solidified during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Yard dying, embroidery flourished infusing change in costume and adornments.
The costume code of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD) followed the one established in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people in black had to wear purple silk adornments to match their clothes. People usually wore costume with a long hat at grand ceremonies offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. The dress of the queen in these ceremonies consisted of dark-purple frock and black trousers. The silk dress of the queen consisted of cyan frock and buff trousers.
The Western Han Dynasty implemented the Shenyi (long coat) system, which featured a cicada-shaped hat, red clothes and twin diamond-shaped collar. In addition, people of that time wore jade articles and red shoes. The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyisystem. Underpants for memorial ceremonies were decorated with black brims, and those for court dress in feudal China were decorated with red brims. All the garments were collectively called as Chanyi (unlined garment).
Costumes in the Han Dynasty fell into two categories according to Yijin (one or two pieces making up the front of a Chinese jacket or grown). There were two types of garments: the curving-front unlined garment with buttons deviously down from the collar to the axilla; the straight-front unlined garment with buttons were straightly down from the collar to the lower part. Curving-front garment originated from the Shenyi (long coat) prevalent in the Warring States Period, and was still in use in the Han Dynasty. But few people wore the Shenyi garments during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Costumes of the Han Dynasty had 7 features:
- Wearers must expose underpants' collar form , as the collar was big and curving;
- Clothes must use white cloth as lining;
- The width of sleeve was 0.4 meters;
- The blouse had no sleeve;
- Wearers of fur clothes should have the fur facing outside;
- Waistband was very exquisite. Belt hook was made of gold in various lively and interesting animal figures;
- The male kept the habitude of wearing walking sabres without blades for decoration only.
- Female laborers of the Han Dynasty always wore short jackets and long skirts, and their knees were always decorated with long hanging waistbands.
Male laborers often wore jackets and calf-nose trousers with aprons around the garments. Farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars were all in the same
dressing style at that time.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/han.htm
"China’s clothing systems solidified during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Yard dying, embroidery flourished infusing change in costume and adornments.
The costume code of the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-8AD) followed the one established in the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, people in black had to wear purple silk adornments to match their clothes. People usually wore costume with a long hat at grand ceremonies offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. The dress of the queen in these ceremonies consisted of dark-purple frock and black trousers. The silk dress of the queen consisted of cyan frock and buff trousers.
The Western Han Dynasty implemented the Shenyi (long coat) system, which featured a cicada-shaped hat, red clothes and twin diamond-shaped collar. In addition, people of that time wore jade articles and red shoes. The frock and skirt were sewn together in the Shenyisystem. Underpants for memorial ceremonies were decorated with black brims, and those for court dress in feudal China were decorated with red brims. All the garments were collectively called as Chanyi (unlined garment).
Costumes in the Han Dynasty fell into two categories according to Yijin (one or two pieces making up the front of a Chinese jacket or grown). There were two types of garments: the curving-front unlined garment with buttons deviously down from the collar to the axilla; the straight-front unlined garment with buttons were straightly down from the collar to the lower part. Curving-front garment originated from the Shenyi (long coat) prevalent in the Warring States Period, and was still in use in the Han Dynasty. But few people wore the Shenyi garments during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Costumes of the Han Dynasty had 7 features:
- Wearers must expose underpants' collar form , as the collar was big and curving;
- Clothes must use white cloth as lining;
- The width of sleeve was 0.4 meters;
- The blouse had no sleeve;
- Wearers of fur clothes should have the fur facing outside;
- Waistband was very exquisite. Belt hook was made of gold in various lively and interesting animal figures;
- The male kept the habitude of wearing walking sabres without blades for decoration only.
- Female laborers of the Han Dynasty always wore short jackets and long skirts, and their knees were always decorated with long hanging waistbands.
Male laborers often wore jackets and calf-nose trousers with aprons around the garments. Farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars were all in the same
dressing style at that time.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/han.htm
Southern and Northern Dynasties 南北朝 (420-589 AD)
The Southern and Northern Dynasties was a period in the history of China that lasted from 420 to 589 AD. Though an age of civil war and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spreading of Mahayana Buddhism and Daoism. The period saw large-scale migration of Han Chinese people to the lands south of the Yangtze River. One might imagine that they wore more summer clothes!
Sui Dynasty 隋 (589-618 AD)
Tang Dynasty 唐 (618 – 907 AD)
China unified and became prosperous during the Tang Dynasty, consequently culture and arts flourished.
Grace, naturalism, elegance and romance became hallmarks of this dynasty, thought to be by many the pinnacle of Chinese
arts and culture. Though the design of many clothing styles remained the same as the Han and Sui Dynasties, they also started to incorporate designs from Western regions, principally the Tartars. Women began to wear Hufu – a slightly tighter fitting garment. After this the period of the “High Tang” this trend reversed and the width of ordinary women’s garments was usually more than 1.3 meters.
To quote from an excellent site on Chinese fashion: “After the reign of Tang Emperor Gaozong, purple was used as the garment color for officials above the third grade; light red, officials above the fifth grade; dark green, officials above the sixth grade; light green, officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan, officials above the eighth grade; light cyan, officials above the ninth grade; and yellow, ordinary people and those who did not live in the palace.
“The garments in the Tang Dynasty also greatly affected the garments of neighboring countries. For instance, Japanese kimono adopted the elites of the dresses of the Tang Dynasty in terms of colors, and the Hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) also adopted the advantages of the dresses of the Tang Dynasty.
“The dresses of the Tang Dynasty were mainly made of silk, so dresses were famous for softness and lightness. The dresses of the Tang Dynasty boldly adopted the features of foreign garments in terms of forms and adornments; i.e. they mainly referred to the garments of other countries (such as the Central-Asia countries, India, Iran, Persia, northern countries and the Western Regions) and used them to improve the habilatory culture of the Tang Dynasty.”
http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2003-09/24/content_28399.htm
Grace, naturalism, elegance and romance became hallmarks of this dynasty, thought to be by many the pinnacle of Chinese
arts and culture. Though the design of many clothing styles remained the same as the Han and Sui Dynasties, they also started to incorporate designs from Western regions, principally the Tartars. Women began to wear Hufu – a slightly tighter fitting garment. After this the period of the “High Tang” this trend reversed and the width of ordinary women’s garments was usually more than 1.3 meters.
To quote from an excellent site on Chinese fashion: “After the reign of Tang Emperor Gaozong, purple was used as the garment color for officials above the third grade; light red, officials above the fifth grade; dark green, officials above the sixth grade; light green, officials above the seventh grade; dark cyan, officials above the eighth grade; light cyan, officials above the ninth grade; and yellow, ordinary people and those who did not live in the palace.
“The garments in the Tang Dynasty also greatly affected the garments of neighboring countries. For instance, Japanese kimono adopted the elites of the dresses of the Tang Dynasty in terms of colors, and the Hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) also adopted the advantages of the dresses of the Tang Dynasty.
“The dresses of the Tang Dynasty were mainly made of silk, so dresses were famous for softness and lightness. The dresses of the Tang Dynasty boldly adopted the features of foreign garments in terms of forms and adornments; i.e. they mainly referred to the garments of other countries (such as the Central-Asia countries, India, Iran, Persia, northern countries and the Western Regions) and used them to improve the habilatory culture of the Tang Dynasty.”
http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_chinaway/2003-09/24/content_28399.htm
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period 五代十國 / 五代十国
(907 – 979 ACE)
The Night Revels of Han Xizai painting, originally by Gu Hongzhong, depicting life in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
Song Dynasty 宋 (960-1,279 ACE)
Song Dynasty Cao Empress Sitting with Maids
Song Dynasty fashion was simple and natural reflecting the cultural milieu of the time and in changes other arts.
The following description is from China Style.cn.
Many features of the Tang dynasty continues including blouses, jackes, coats, skirts, robes, short gowns and long coasts. Most garments without belt and buckle had an erect collar and had buttons on the front. The protective collar was sewn on the outer edge at the neckline. Collar and sleeve edges were sewn with patterns of peony, camellia, plum blossom, lily and other such designs.
By and large, the rank system of officials of the Song Dynasty followed that of the Tang Dynasty, so official costumes in the palace during the two dynasties were similar, both falling into the following categories, Chaofu (court costumes), Jifu (ceremonial costumes), Gongfu (formal robes), Rongfu (military uniforms), Sangfu (funeral costumes) and Shifu (seasonal costumes).
A court costume was composed of a red upper garment and a red lower skirt worn over white underwear made of gauze. Officials fastened a big band made of gauze around their court garments, which were adorned with brocade ribbons, jade ornaments and jade bracelets, and wore black leather shoes and socks of damask silk. Such court costumes adopted a uniform style, but the ranks of officials were distinguishable according to different
combinations.
Formal robes had an oblique collar, big sleeves, and a leather waistband. As to this dressing type, colors were used to distinguish the ranks of civil officials. For example, cyan was for officials above the ninth grade; green, above the seventh grade; red, above the fifth grade; and purple, above the third grade. The use of colors changed slightly during the Yuanfeng reign of the Song Dynasty, i.e. purple was used for officials above the fourth grade; bright red, above the sixth grade; and green, above the ninth grade.
Seasonal costumes were the clothing granted to eunuchs. Most granted costumes were decorated with bird and beast patterns woven with brocades.
Besides official costumes used at the court, daily casual costumes (referred to as private costumes too) also had distinctive characteristics. The casual costumes in the Song Dynasty included the following types:
- Pao (gown) fell into two types: with broad sleeves and with narrow sleeves. The gown for an official was made of brocade, and that for a non-official was
made of white cloth.
- Ru (jacket) and Ao (coat) were the necessary costumes for common people in their daily life.
- Duanhe (coarse cloth jacket) was short clothes made of coarse cloth worn by poor people.
- Lanshan (scholar's blouse) was a kind of men's long robes with a lateral ribbon attached to the lower hem.
- Shan (lower garment) followed the ancient code of upper garment (jacket and blouse) and lower garment (skirt), and it was the style of
Mianfu (mitral garment), Chaofu (court robe) or Sijufu (private garment).
- Zhiduo (straight long robe) was a long loose robe without split at the lower part (but there was central seam on the back part).
- Hechang (cloak made of cranes' down) was long and loose. It was a kind of precious fur coat made of down of crane and other birds. Its lower hem
reached the ground.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/song-costume.htm
The following description is from China Style.cn.
Many features of the Tang dynasty continues including blouses, jackes, coats, skirts, robes, short gowns and long coasts. Most garments without belt and buckle had an erect collar and had buttons on the front. The protective collar was sewn on the outer edge at the neckline. Collar and sleeve edges were sewn with patterns of peony, camellia, plum blossom, lily and other such designs.
By and large, the rank system of officials of the Song Dynasty followed that of the Tang Dynasty, so official costumes in the palace during the two dynasties were similar, both falling into the following categories, Chaofu (court costumes), Jifu (ceremonial costumes), Gongfu (formal robes), Rongfu (military uniforms), Sangfu (funeral costumes) and Shifu (seasonal costumes).
A court costume was composed of a red upper garment and a red lower skirt worn over white underwear made of gauze. Officials fastened a big band made of gauze around their court garments, which were adorned with brocade ribbons, jade ornaments and jade bracelets, and wore black leather shoes and socks of damask silk. Such court costumes adopted a uniform style, but the ranks of officials were distinguishable according to different
combinations.
Formal robes had an oblique collar, big sleeves, and a leather waistband. As to this dressing type, colors were used to distinguish the ranks of civil officials. For example, cyan was for officials above the ninth grade; green, above the seventh grade; red, above the fifth grade; and purple, above the third grade. The use of colors changed slightly during the Yuanfeng reign of the Song Dynasty, i.e. purple was used for officials above the fourth grade; bright red, above the sixth grade; and green, above the ninth grade.
Seasonal costumes were the clothing granted to eunuchs. Most granted costumes were decorated with bird and beast patterns woven with brocades.
Besides official costumes used at the court, daily casual costumes (referred to as private costumes too) also had distinctive characteristics. The casual costumes in the Song Dynasty included the following types:
- Pao (gown) fell into two types: with broad sleeves and with narrow sleeves. The gown for an official was made of brocade, and that for a non-official was
made of white cloth.
- Ru (jacket) and Ao (coat) were the necessary costumes for common people in their daily life.
- Duanhe (coarse cloth jacket) was short clothes made of coarse cloth worn by poor people.
- Lanshan (scholar's blouse) was a kind of men's long robes with a lateral ribbon attached to the lower hem.
- Shan (lower garment) followed the ancient code of upper garment (jacket and blouse) and lower garment (skirt), and it was the style of
Mianfu (mitral garment), Chaofu (court robe) or Sijufu (private garment).
- Zhiduo (straight long robe) was a long loose robe without split at the lower part (but there was central seam on the back part).
- Hechang (cloak made of cranes' down) was long and loose. It was a kind of precious fur coat made of down of crane and other birds. Its lower hem
reached the ground.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/song-costume.htm
Yuan Dynasty 元(1271 – 1368)
(The following is from Chinastyle.cn)
The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) was the amalgamation age of ethnic groups in China's history, and the dresses and personal adornments of the time also fully represented this feature. The following dress code (Zhisunfu code) was just formulated in 1321 during the reign of Yuan Emperor Yingzong by referring to ancient systems: upper and lower short garments were pieced together; folds were added to the waistline, and big beads were hung on shoulders and the back. Emperors and officials in all ranks wore such garments, and the Han people called them as the Yiseyi garments or Zhisunfu garments. This dress code combined the garment characteristics of the Han people and Mongol ethnic minority.
As to this dress code, whether the clothes were coarse or fine in quality was used to distinguish the ranks of officials. Men's casual garments in the Yuan Dynasty mainly followed those of the Han people, and a jacket with short sleeves was worn over the casual garment. Women also dressed in this way, which was called Ruqun (upper jacket and lower skirt) and Banbi (half sleeves).
Women's garments of the Yuan Dynasty included aristocratic type and common-people type. Aristocrats were often the Mongols. Their national costumes were fur coats and fur caps. The garments made of marten and sheepskin was very common, and most garments were robes with narrow cuffs and loose sleeves.
Ordinary women of the Yuan Dynasty wore Ruqun (upper jacket and lower skirt), and garments of Banbei (half sleeves) were also popular. In addition, influenced by people of Koryo in the neighboring country, the aristocrats, queens and imperial concubines in the capital city imitated the custom of Koryo women's attires.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/yuan.htm
The Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) was the amalgamation age of ethnic groups in China's history, and the dresses and personal adornments of the time also fully represented this feature. The following dress code (Zhisunfu code) was just formulated in 1321 during the reign of Yuan Emperor Yingzong by referring to ancient systems: upper and lower short garments were pieced together; folds were added to the waistline, and big beads were hung on shoulders and the back. Emperors and officials in all ranks wore such garments, and the Han people called them as the Yiseyi garments or Zhisunfu garments. This dress code combined the garment characteristics of the Han people and Mongol ethnic minority.
As to this dress code, whether the clothes were coarse or fine in quality was used to distinguish the ranks of officials. Men's casual garments in the Yuan Dynasty mainly followed those of the Han people, and a jacket with short sleeves was worn over the casual garment. Women also dressed in this way, which was called Ruqun (upper jacket and lower skirt) and Banbi (half sleeves).
Women's garments of the Yuan Dynasty included aristocratic type and common-people type. Aristocrats were often the Mongols. Their national costumes were fur coats and fur caps. The garments made of marten and sheepskin was very common, and most garments were robes with narrow cuffs and loose sleeves.
Ordinary women of the Yuan Dynasty wore Ruqun (upper jacket and lower skirt), and garments of Banbei (half sleeves) were also popular. In addition, influenced by people of Koryo in the neighboring country, the aristocrats, queens and imperial concubines in the capital city imitated the custom of Koryo women's attires.
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/yuan.htm
Ming Dynasty 明 (1368– 1644)
Portrait of the Hongwu Emperor 1368–98 Wikipedia
(Text from Chinastyle.cn)
There were many new changes in costume of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The outstanding feature was that the buttons on the forepart replaced the band knots in use for several thousand years. However, it was not in the Ming Dynasty that buttons first came into being. Some buttons were sewn on the waistline of the braid coat of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The use of buttons was also an invention that embodied the advancement of that era. In addition, the popularization of Confucian school of idealist philosophy also affected the dressing style to a certain degree.
Compared with the costume of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming Dynasty was significantly inverted. Since the upper outer garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to shorten the length of the exposed skirt, and the collar changed from the symmetrical type of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) to the main circular type.
Skirt color was inclined to be light. Skirt pleats, including dense pleats and big pleats, became very popular.
In addition, short embroidered capes worn over a woman's shoulder were popular in the Ming Dynasty. Because these capes looked like beautiful rosy cloud, they were also called Rosy Cloud Cape. Such capes first appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. They were in the shape of a very long colored band, could encircle the neck and reach the chest with gold or bowlder pendants at the lower end, looking very elegant.
There was also a sort of waistcoats with buttons down the front, which first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty and was originally special costume for the queen. Gradually, they were introduced into the life of ordinary people. Young ladies in the mid Ming Dynasty usually preferred to dress in these waistcoats. The waistcoats in the Qing Dynasty were transformed from those of the Yuan Dynasty.
Another feature of costume in the Ming Dynasty was that the garment front was decorated with various striking adornments made of gold, jade and pearl, etc. A special adornment was a golden chain hung with nipper, toothpick, ear pick and small knife, articles that were often used by women in their daily life.
Men's costume in the Ming Dynasty typically adopted the form of chuddar and circular collar. They featured broad sleeves, inlaid black brims and cyan circular collar. Men wore black silk ribbon, soft chuddar and drooping strap.
Paddy-field costumes were dresses for ordinary women in the Ming Dynasty. They were sewn with bits and pieces of brocades in various
colors and looked like the cassocks of shamans. Colors of the materials of the whole dress were mutually interlaced and the form was just like the paddy field,
hence the name "paddy-field costumes".
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/ming.htm
There were many new changes in costume of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The outstanding feature was that the buttons on the forepart replaced the band knots in use for several thousand years. However, it was not in the Ming Dynasty that buttons first came into being. Some buttons were sewn on the waistline of the braid coat of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The use of buttons was also an invention that embodied the advancement of that era. In addition, the popularization of Confucian school of idealist philosophy also affected the dressing style to a certain degree.
Compared with the costume of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming Dynasty was significantly inverted. Since the upper outer garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to shorten the length of the exposed skirt, and the collar changed from the symmetrical type of the Song Dynasty (960-1279) to the main circular type.
Skirt color was inclined to be light. Skirt pleats, including dense pleats and big pleats, became very popular.
In addition, short embroidered capes worn over a woman's shoulder were popular in the Ming Dynasty. Because these capes looked like beautiful rosy cloud, they were also called Rosy Cloud Cape. Such capes first appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. They were in the shape of a very long colored band, could encircle the neck and reach the chest with gold or bowlder pendants at the lower end, looking very elegant.
There was also a sort of waistcoats with buttons down the front, which first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty and was originally special costume for the queen. Gradually, they were introduced into the life of ordinary people. Young ladies in the mid Ming Dynasty usually preferred to dress in these waistcoats. The waistcoats in the Qing Dynasty were transformed from those of the Yuan Dynasty.
Another feature of costume in the Ming Dynasty was that the garment front was decorated with various striking adornments made of gold, jade and pearl, etc. A special adornment was a golden chain hung with nipper, toothpick, ear pick and small knife, articles that were often used by women in their daily life.
Men's costume in the Ming Dynasty typically adopted the form of chuddar and circular collar. They featured broad sleeves, inlaid black brims and cyan circular collar. Men wore black silk ribbon, soft chuddar and drooping strap.
Paddy-field costumes were dresses for ordinary women in the Ming Dynasty. They were sewn with bits and pieces of brocades in various
colors and looked like the cassocks of shamans. Colors of the materials of the whole dress were mutually interlaced and the form was just like the paddy field,
hence the name "paddy-field costumes".
http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/history/ming.htm
Qing Dynasty 清(1644 – 1911)
During the Qing Dynasty, China’s last imperial dynasty dramatic changes occurred in the Chinese fashion world. Before the Qing, Chinese fashion was referred to as Hanfu. During and after, Chinese fashion came to incorporate a much wider range of fashions owing to incorporation of western fashion and recognition of a multitude of minority designs, fabrics, colors and trends as being “Chinese.”
Some clothing of this era were really the result of laws imposed by Manchurian rulers of this Dynasty, such as the qípáo. (Under the broad Queue laws mandating that all male Chinese wear pony tails and shaved below the temples at least every ten days. (Disobedience was punishable by death.) It’s a one-piece Chinese dress for women; whereas the male version is called Changshan. The tight fitting version known today was actually created in the 1920s in Shanghai and was made fashionable by socialites and upper-class women. (See Shanghai advertisement picture).
Some clothing of this era were really the result of laws imposed by Manchurian rulers of this Dynasty, such as the qípáo. (Under the broad Queue laws mandating that all male Chinese wear pony tails and shaved below the temples at least every ten days. (Disobedience was punishable by death.) It’s a one-piece Chinese dress for women; whereas the male version is called Changshan. The tight fitting version known today was actually created in the 1920s in Shanghai and was made fashionable by socialites and upper-class women. (See Shanghai advertisement picture).
Republican Era 1912
Early 20th Century tangzhuang dress, with riding jackets over changshan.
For a brief but excellent review of early 20th Century fashion changes in China, click on the following link:
http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2010-05/26/c_13316210.htm
http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2010-05/26/c_13316210.htm